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The Subway Test

~ Joe Pitkin's stories, queries, and quibbles regarding the human, the inhuman, the humanesque.

The Subway Test

Category Archives: Literary criticism

The Race Goes Not to the Swift

01 Tuesday Sep 2026

Posted by Joe in Literary criticism, Musings and ponderation

≈ 8 Comments

Tags

books, Devon Halliday, fiction, music, rock, Sean Hayes, writing

Carlyn and I went to see the great Sean Hayes (the Petaluma folkie, not the wonderful Will and Grace actor) at Polaris Hall in Portland a couple of weeks ago. It was probably my sixth time going to a Sean Hayes show, this time a fantastic duo concert with guitar master John Courage. It was also an opportunity for Carlyn and me to introduce our very special friends, Tanya and David, to Sean Hayes’s music. I am crazy for how Hayes builds a song out of practically nothing. I’m a decent songwriter myself (for a hobbyist, anyway) and I am in awe of how Hayes does his work: it seems sometimes like he builds his songs out of a three note lick and a refrain repeated 16 times.

There’s one kind of joy in finding a songwriter who writes songs more or less the way you do but does it better than you can. There’s an entirely different kind of joy in finding someone better than you who also happens to write songs in such a different way that you can’t even tell what he’s doing. Listening to Sean Hayes gives me this second kind of joy.

And yet, Sean Hayes has only 47,695 monthly listeners on Spotify. The word only is misleading here: I think 98% of Spotify performers have fewer than 1,000 monthly listeners, and 80% of performers have fewer than 50, if Claude is to be believed. And a figure of 47K monthly listeners is still amazing compared to my readership as a novelist–probably higher by two or even three orders of magnitude.

So when I say “Sean Hayes has only 47,695 monthly listeners on Spotify,” it’s because there are some far less talented songwriters who have more fans than Sean Hayes–again, two or three orders of magnitude more. As Ecclesiastes tells us, the race goes not to the swift.

I got to thinking about Hayes’s fandom partly in the context of Devon Halliday’s recent Substack essay, “Literary Fiction Has Lost the Plot.” This essay, which seems to have gone viral in my corner of Substack, offers a close reading of the first pages of two famous current novelists and takes them down a peg, basically arguing that the writing on page one of each novel is so bad that there’s no good reason to move on to page two.

There’s a lot Devon Halliday and I agree about here. The writers she takes down are both very famous–one of the writers has won the Pulitzer, and the other has been longlisted for the Booker Prize–and neither of the first pages of their novels is (in my opinion) anything breathtaking. In the case of the Pulitzer winner, I think you could make the case that his first page is actively bad.

Having said that, I think Halliday is wrong about the importance of first pages. As she says of the first novel, Emma Cline’s Switzy,

You probably think I’m being too harsh. Switzy is a long and complex novel that tracks the unraveling of a mind—maybe the later pages will justify this slow, vague, broody opening!

So what if they do? The first page of a novel must justify itself.

While I do think it’s true that “the first page of a novel must justify itself,” I also think it’s a shame for us to conclude that the first page of a novel must justify itself on the first page. To my mind, that is an extremely modern and mostly made-up problem, a result of millions of people self-publishing their novels and web comics and music and poetry–we’re all squawking for attention like the geese in Kundera’s The Book of Laughter and Forgetting, and you’d better hook your audience fast because they grew up on TikTok and will only spend a few seconds, if that, waiting for you to amuse them.

But I bet you can come up with counter-examples of novels, even relatively recent ones, that sneaked up slowly on you. My most recent read, Murakami’s The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle, is a classic example: if you judge by the first ten pages or so, it sounds like the book is going to be about a guy looking for his lost cat in the alley behind his house. But the story slowly, and with great creepiness, turns into a surreal, noir exploration of the soul of Japan.

That slow pacing is the fruit of a literary reputation. Literary reputation is a kind of emotional line of credit that can be drawn down very slowly before the reader is going to demand that the writer produce a justification for what they’re doing. I’m a decent writer, but I’m no Murakami–to return to a musical analogy, if Murakami is someone with the literary reputation of David Bowie, I’m more like a busker at the top of the subway stairs. If someone discovered a lost Bowie track today, millions of people would listen through it with the most generous ear imaginable, because hey—this is a previously undiscovered David Fucking Bowie track! The opening chords could seem anodyne, or poorly mixed, or even boring, and we would keep listening because Bowie was surely going somewhere when he wrote that intro.

But my situation, the busker’s situation, is the situation of most writers. In my case, I’ve got about 15 seconds, if that, to impress you with my busking before you start descending the stairs to the trains. (And even then, you might not notice even if the playing and the composition are the most brilliant thing to touch your ears all year. Remember that Washington Post experiment where Joshua Bell played Bach in a DC Metro station and practically everyone walked right by him. I think only one adult over several hours—a serious violinist himself—ultimately noticed that it was Joshua Bell. For what it’s worth, lots of little kids paused to listen before their parents dragged them away.)

Writerly jealousy is a non-trivial problem in the creative writing classes I teach. As befits an open door community college, every class I have ever taught contains a broad mix of student ability: there are many students who are more earnest than skilled, but there are promising and even scarily talented writers as well. So there’s a lot of jealously: some students care a lot about their work, and they are often good enough readers to see that their writing isn’t as strong as that of some others in the class. The challenge is compounded by the fact that some of the most talented writers are also the least interested in devoting themselves to writing long term–often enough they are engineering or biology majors taking an “ice cream class.”

So every term I tell my students about Jimi Hendrix and Neil Young at Woodstock. Hendrix and Young were friends; according to legend, they even arrived together at Woodstock in a hotwired pickup truck, some agent or promoter having sent them to the wrong regional airport. Both men played guitar at the festival. And, I tell my students, of the 500,000 people that were at Woodstock, I doubt that anyone in the audience thought that Neil Young was the better guitarist.

But Neil Young is awesome. And the world of guitar has plenty of space for Neil Young. More importantly, there are ways that Neil Young plays a solo that never would have occurred to Jimi Hendrix for all his talent, or to any other human being, for that matter.

(One might add that Neil Young is also still alive, and that some, like me, consider Neil Young a greater songwriter than Jimi Hendrix. But that’s all beside the point: even if Jimi Hendrix were a better human being in every way than Neil Young, Neil Young remains a priceless and indispensible musician.)

There are a million ways to write a story, to write a song, to play a song, to engage with the world. Work hard at what you’re doing, the way you’re doing it, then belt it out. People will give you the 15 seconds or they won’t. If they don’t, and your work is nevertheless wonderful, the point is that you made wonderful work. The race goes not to the swift.

Here’s one way of writing and singing a song that you should listen to, I’m telling you: Sean Hayes doing “When We Fall In” at Le Poisson Rouge a few years back. I first listened to it before Carlyn and I were even married, and I knew as soon as I heard the first eight bars of the song that I was, in fact, in deep with her.

Rest in Peace, John Crowley

15 Saturday Aug 2026

Posted by Joe in Book reviews, fantasy, Lit News, Literary criticism, Musings and ponderation

≈ Leave a comment

Tags

fantasy, John Crowley, Little Big

I’m late to report this news as I was out of town when it happened, but the great John Crowley died last week at the age of 83. He was a writer of fantasy and science fiction who utterly transcended the genre.

If I asked you to make a list of the hundred most popular writers today in any genre–or the thousand most popular–I would feel easy saying that Crowley was every bit as good as any of them (and better than all but a few of them). His novel Little, Big was a revelation to me, a big, sprawling, multigenerational family drama written with all the skill and nuance of George Eliot or Charles Dickens, but in a thoroughly original fantasy mode. I can’t remember what reviewer called Little, Big a secret history of America, but the appellation fits: the malevolent demagogue Russell Eigenblick is a scarily accurate portrait of Donald Trump, written almost forty years before Trump rode down his golden escalator like a meteor striking the earth.

There are many wildly popular books today that will slip into oblivion before you know it: I doubt a single person will be reading Dungeon Crawler Carl or Legends and Lattes a hundred years from now. But there is a good chance people will still be reading Little, Big in the year 2126. In any just world, at least, that’s how it should be.

Rest in peace, John Crowley.

Morally Complex Fantasy for an Amoral Age

03 Monday Aug 2026

Posted by Joe in fantasy, Literary criticism, Musings and ponderation, My Fiction, Stories, The Time of Troubles, Utopia and Dystopia

≈ 12 Comments

Tags

books, Conan, dark fantasy, Elric, Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser, fantasy, fiction, pulp fantasy, swords and sorcery, writing

I have been writing a swords & sorcery story.

For much of my adult life, I would have said swords & sorcery was a guilty pleasure, the adolescent male libido-fueled stuff of Conan the Barbarian and Frank Frazetta chainmail bikini posters.

Schwarzenegger’s Conan–swords and sorcery for the Reagan years.

But I’m learning to give up on needless guilt. Early in my friendship with Carlyn, I said some music I was listening to (I don’t remember what) was a guilty pleasure of mine. She replied “I intend not to feel guilty about my pleasures.” It was about the wisest thing I had ever heard anyone say. Reader, I married her for that reason as much as for any other.

So, swords & sorcery–morally complicated pulp fantasy. Less heroic, more hard boiled. Lots of fragments, at least the way I’m writing it. The city where my story is set, Kyrenaikos, is as noir a place as Fritz Leiber’s Lankhmar, Raymond Chandler’s LA, or Adventure Time‘s City of Thieves.

I’m learning, too, to feel comfortable with pulp fantasy’s one sentence paragraphs, bane of my career as an English teacher.

And my story is definitely post-Conan: the protagonist is nonbinary, and the main badass is three and a half feet tall. I’m trying to draw more on the weirdness of Michael Moorcock’s Elric and the sass of Fritz Leiber’s Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser, leavened with my classic Pitkin open endings and wry asides.

It’s also a classic Pitkin career move for me. Swords & sorcery is one of the least popular subgenres of fantasy today. Today all the buzz is around romantasy (think Sarah Maas), cozy fantasy (think Legends and Lattes), LitRPG (e.g. Dungeon Crawler Carl), and the Critical Role Industrial Complex. I definitely know how to spend dozens of hours writing something the market never asked for.

But I believe swords and sorcery is the right subgenre for the Trump years. Not just because of the noir qualities of the moment, the chaos and corruption and amorality and incompetence of the times (though for those reasons, too). Not just because Elon Musk seems almost literally to be an evil sorcerer of overwhelming power. But even more, I want to exhort readers, or maybe just myself, to (in the words of an old bumper sticker) remember who I wanted to be.

Swords & sorcery, like its sister subgenre hard boiled detective fiction, follows flawed people in corrupt situations who have a tough job to do. The protagonists of these stories may be conflicted; their motives may be impure, even mercenary at first. But they always seem to find that their moral universe cannot simply be handwaved away. The protagonists of swords and sorcery may be immoralists, but they are not amoral.

I am (like many of you) a lackluster moral example, certainly not the kind of person you’d want to rely on to restore the American republic. But we’re all we’ve got. So I teach community college by day, volunteer for Indivisible on the weekends, and write about more or less good people fighting to keep their moral compass under impossible circumstances.

And even if swords & sorcery wasn’t the right genre for this cataclysmic, corrupt moment in American history, I’m having more fun writing this story than I’ve had in a long time. I commit to taking my joys where I can find them today.

My Two Cents on The Odyssey

27 Monday Jul 2026

Posted by Joe in Literary criticism, Musings and ponderation

≈ Leave a comment

Tags

Christopher Nolan, The Odyssey

My quick take on Chistopher Nolan’s The Odyssey, now that I’ve finally seen it:

The movie is a thoroughly modern take on the ancient epic, and that’s a good thing. Homer’s poem, which I love and have taught, is steeped in Iron Age values, looking back nostalgically towards mythical Bronze Age values. Nolan takes much about what is timeless about the story—the iron law of hospitality, the value of craft, the primacy of solving problems with the mind—and leavens it with a modern acceptance of trade-offs, with our struggle with unintended consequences.

I can see why some (especially those who would prefer to return to a Bronze Age world of rapine and plunder and tribalism) would dislike the casting choices or the ending of the movie, which is a significant departure from the poem. But to me, Nolan’s movie is as successful a remix of this ancient cultural touchstone as Madeline Miller’s Circe or the Coens’ Oh Brother, Where Art Thou?

The Devil in the Machine

23 Saturday May 2026

Posted by Joe in Literary criticism, Musings and ponderation, Science, Utopia and Dystopia

≈ 33 Comments

Tags

AI, art, Artificial Intelligence, books, Christopher Marlowe, Doctor Faustus, LLMs, technology

My wife and I went out last weekend to see a Canon Shakespeare Company production of Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus on a whim. I loved that a small scrappy company was taking it on—I had never seen the play, though I once taught the text at my college 20+ years ago. It was wonderful to watch nine actors with little more than a stage dagger and a bunch of borrowed library books for props conjure up this Renaissance classic in a theater called, appropriately, The Wyrd Hut. It was a very Portland experience.

While I often classify Marlowe and Shakespeare together because of the period in which they wrote, every time I actually encounter a Marlowe text, I am reminded that he is no Shakespeare. Comparing the two feels to me a little like comparing Georg Phillip Telemann with Johann Sebastian Bach: they were contemporaries and worked in the same stylistic language, but the depth of Shakespeare’s characters is simply of a different order than Marlowe’s.

Still, for as clunky as some of the characterizations and plot elements are in Doctor Faustus, I realized only on later reflection how perfect that play is for these times. Faustus, the German medieval genius who has grown weary of all the books and fields of knowledge that litter his desk, has decided that his real future is in magic. Why not summon the devil? Why shouldn’t he pledge his soul to Lucifer in exchange for unlimited magical power?

Sound familiar? I was reminded the next morning of Sam Altman’s infamous 2015 quip (which was apparently not a joke) “AI will probably most likely lead to the end of the world, but in the meantime, there’ll be great companies.” It’s easy enough to dredge up similar self-regarding twaddle from Altman’s nemesis Elon Musk: “In less than 20 years, working at all will be optional… like a hobby pretty much…” and “If AI has a goal and humanity just happens to be in the way, it will destroy humanity as a matter of course.”

Faustus shows the same mix of (apparent) brilliance and extreme lack of introspection. And his use of the powers that Mephistopheles lends him has the same disconnect between lofty goals and tawdry, even ridiculous, triviality. Faustus’s dream is to rule the world, to remake reality for his purposes:

FAUSTUS. How am I glutted with conceit of this!

Shall I make spirits fetch me what I please,

Resolve me of all ambiguities,

Perform what desperate enterprise I will?

I’ll have them fly to India for gold,

Ransack the ocean for orient pearl,

And search all corners of the new-found world

For pleasant fruits and princely delicates;

I’ll have them read me strange philosophy,

And tell the secrets of all foreign kings;

I’ll have them wall all Germany with brass,

And make swift Rhine circle fair Wertenberg;

I’ll have them fill the public schools with silk,

Wherewith the students shall be bravely clad;

I’ll levy soldiers with the coin they bring,

And chase the Prince of Parma from our land,

And reign sole king of all the provinces;

Yea, stranger engines for the brunt of war,

Than was the fiery keel at Antwerp’s bridge,

I’ll make my servile spirits to invent.

And yet, once he has the “servile spirit” of Mephistopheles to do his bidding, much of the action has all the gravitas of a Three Stooges short: Faustus becomes invisible so that he can steal the Pope’s hat; Faustus places cuckold’s horns on a mouthy knight; Faustus presents Emperor Charles V with a deepfake of Alexander the Great and his paramour.

And by the end? This brilliant doctor who once dreamed of liberating his country and altering the course of the Rhine has decided to enter into a romance with an illusory Helen of Troy. I am reminded of all of us LLM users in this moment, contemplating a servile spirit that will “read [us] strange philosophy,” unless of course we just want to use all that water and electricity and compute to cook up an AI girlfriend instead.

No spoilers (or no more spoilers), but the play doesn’t end well for Faustus. I’m more guardedly optimistic about how our Mephistophelean AI servants will treat us, as well as how the world may improve for all humanity over time. But we’d be wise to look to Faustus, that brilliant, self-deluding renaissance nerd who sold his soul and got nothing real in return for it.

In Fiction Writing Class Today

02 Monday Mar 2026

Posted by Joe in fantasy, Literary criticism, Musings and ponderation, YA fantasy

≈ 7 Comments

Tags

A Wizard of Earthsea, books, fantasy, infodump, Ursula Le Guin

Today, after a peer critique of the fifth or sixth fantasy story we’ve seen this quarter, I asked my fiction writing students how many of them were into fantasy. All but three of them raised their hands.

Then I asked how many of them had read A Wizard of Earthsea. Not one of them had.

Every once in a while, I’ll wonder what I’m doing, what inner problem I’m attempting to solve by working at a community college. Then I’ll have a moment like this, and I’ll realize that if my only contribution to my students’ lives is that I turned a few of them on to Usrula Le Guin–a woman who wrote practically all her books just a couple miles away on Thurman Street in Portland–I will have done something good with my life.

And you, dear reader, do you like fantasy? Have you read A Wizard of Earthsea? If you haven’t, go pick up that little book and check it out: you’ll see something that isn’t a hundredth as famous as Lord of the Rings, and which didn’t make a thousandth as much money for the author as Harry Potter did for J. K. Rowling, but Earthsea is better than both of them. Read it, and then contend with your desire to sue J.K. Rowling for plagiarism.

And as a bonus, if you aspire to be a fantasy or science fiction writer yourself, read just the first paragraph of A Wizard of Earthsea and see how much Le Guin accomplishes without a scintilla of infodump. What’s a dragonlord? you may ask as you read that first paragraph, What’s an archmage? The answer is who knows? It won’t matter, because you’ll already be hooked.

My Best Reads of 2024

11 Wednesday Dec 2024

Posted by Joe in Book reviews, Exit Black, Literary criticism, Musings and ponderation, My Fiction, Reading Roundup, Science Fiction

≈ Leave a comment

Tags

books, sci-fi, sci-fi thriller, Science Fiction, Shepherd, Thriller

As you may remember from former posts, I’m a big fan of the book site Shepherd. And, like many of the writers on that site, I was invited by Shepherd founder Ben Fox to talk about my three favorite books of 2024. I was game, partly because I’m happy for any opportunity to link to my own book of this year, Exit Black–I believe it’s one of this year’s best thrillers on economic inequality that you’ll read this year.

I’m not sure what my choices say about me besides the fact that I do a lot of reading outside the genres I write in, but here were my three faves of this year: Edith Wharton’s The Age of Innocence, Toni Morrison’s Jazz, and Laurent Binet’s Civilizations. Why did I love them so? Check out my Shepherd page to find out!

“As you know, Captain:” the Perils of Infodump

06 Monday May 2024

Posted by Joe in Advertising, Exit Black, fantasy, Lit News, Literary criticism, My Fiction, Science, Science Fiction, Stories, YA fantasy

≈ 2 Comments

Tags

book review, Book reviews, books, Compose Creative Writing Conference 2024, F/SF, fantasy, infodump, sci-fi, Science Fiction, writing

I was invited recently to present a workshop at one of Oregon’s wonderful creative writing conferences–the Compose Creative Writing Conference at Clackamas Community College (perhaps the hosts tried to come up with a seventh word starting with c- for the title, but six must have been all they could fit in). After the honor of being invited wore off, I realized that I would have to actually, you know, present something at the CCWC at CCC.

I decided to present a session on reducing infodump in speculative fiction. Did I choose this topic because I’ve been widely praised for my taut, sleek stories? I wish. Actually, if anything the opposite is true: during the early years of my fiction career, I got so many rejections along the lines of “this story is well-written, but it takes forever to get to its point. There’s so much infodump here that I was barely able to get to page 8.”

The best thing I can say about infodump in my writing is that editors don’t complain about it in my stories nearly as often now. So I figure that I’ve either learned to deal with it or editors are just tired of giving me notes on it.

As you probably know already, infodump refers to bogging down the flow of a story with tedious explanation. And, while writers of any genre can fall into the habit, it’s an especially common problem in speculative fiction. If you’ve ever read a bad fantasy novel (or watched a bad sci fi movie), you have surely seen some infodump along these lines:

Scientist: I sequenced the DNA sample you brought me. Whoever provided it has some snips that I’ve never seen in a human genome before.

Captain: Snips?

Scientist: ‘Single nucleotide polymorphisms.’ As you know, captain, all sexually reproducing creatures on Earth–including humans–inherit two copies of each gene, one from the mother, and one from the father. These genes determine everything from eye color to explainexplainexplain continue explaining for four pages explainexplainexplain I hope you did well in middle school biology…

For me, infodump is even worse in fantasy than in science fiction. In SF, there’s at least the possibility that what’s being infodumped actually will teach you something real about how planetary motion works or what the principle of competitive exclusion is. In fantasy, the infodump often amounts to nothing more than 20 pages of the author’s fever-dream journal entries about a fictional queen who lived 800 years before the story takes place and what she did to curse the elven sword that is the McGuffin for this whole heptalogy of novels…

What causes infodump? Why should you be wary of the phrase “as you know” in your writing? And how do you reduce infodump in your novel? Well, if you want the whole story, come see me at the CCWC on Saturday the 18th! Or, if you’re not a Portland person, drop me a line: I’m always happy to talk F/SF with book clubs, writing groups, bookish nerds, random drunks, and people on a secret mission.

For now, I’ll just say that two factors that contribute to infodump are 1. writers’ mistrust of the reader’s ability to follow along, and 2. writers who get lost for hours (or months, or decades) in worldbuilding before they ever get around to actually writing their story.

I may say more on the subject soon, but as you know, I have been working on reducing my infodump.

Shepherd: My Favorite Alternative to Goodreads!

25 Monday Mar 2024

Posted by Joe in Advertising, Book reviews, Exit Black, Lit News, Literary criticism, Musings and ponderation, My Fiction

≈ 6 Comments

Tags

Amazon, books, Goodreads, marketing, sci-fi, Science Fiction, Shepherd

I’ve been hunting for years for a better book recommendation system than Goodreads (and its corporate owner, Amazon). One site that I think really shows promise is Shepherd: it’s better-curated, less compromised, more values-driven. And I’m honored to announce that I have been invited to make a Shepherd recommendation myself. Mine is called “The best fantasy-science fiction books that explore class and inequality,” and I’d love to have people take a look at it.

I’m grateful to have a website taking on the Goodreads/Amazon juggernaut. Goodreads is one of those ideas that struck me as having so much promise when it came out: it seemed (at first, anyway) a place where everyone could share ideas about the books they love. But, far from being a democracy of bibliophiles, Goodreads is a crass book marketing system that has proven easy to game and to abuse, from review bombing to pay-for-reviews to careless and anonymous one-star reviews just for the lulz.

And, while my Goodreads reviews for Exit Black have been decent–more good reviews than bad, and a number of reviews from people who must have actually read the book–I am a little suspicious of a review site where The Martian has a higher rating than Madame Bovary and where only 42% of Anna Karenina reviewers gave that book 5 stars. Seriously?

Cartoon credit: Kate Beaton, Hark! A Vagrant

I accept that for better and worse, Goodreads and Amazon are the ways that authors have to market their books. I don’t have to like that state of affairs, but I do accept it. However, I’m always on the lookout for something better, something more humane, something not yet made grubby by millions of people on the make for a quick buck or trash-talking for the dopamine hit of a bunch of likes. Shepherd might not last. But for now, I really like the way they approach books and the people who write and read them. I hope you’ll go check it out!

My Author Interview With Avis Adams

18 Monday Mar 2024

Posted by Joe in Advertising, Book reviews, Exit Black, Literary criticism, Musings and ponderation

≈ Leave a comment

Tags

books, Exit Black, sci-fi, Science Fiction, Your Next Favorite Author

I had every intention of publishing my interview with fellow Willamette Writer (and fellow community college teacher) Avis Adams when she published it almost two weeks ago. Then the end of winter term descended over me like a weighted blanket made of student essays and departmental emails. Now that I have finally wriggled out from under its sweaty embrace, I can give a little more attention to this blog, to promoting Exit Black, and to all things literary.

So, many thanks to Avis for cooking up some delightful interview questions and for offering such a warm reading of my book. Check out her review and my interview at her wonderful blog, Your Next Favorite Author.

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